Income-tax Act, 2025 – Important Sections

This master page provides quick access to selected important provisions of the Income-tax Act, 2025. Click on any U/s heading to view a short description and the link to the detailed BharatLegalFly article.

Preliminary & Basis of Charge

U/s 2 – Definitions

Contains important definitions and expressions used throughout the Income-tax Act, 2025.
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U/s 4 – Charge of Income-tax

Provides the basic charging provision under which income-tax is levied for the relevant tax year.
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U/s 5 – Scope of Total Income

Explains the income that is included in the total income of a person, subject to the provisions of the Act.
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U/s 6 – Residence in India

Provides the rules for determining residential status for income-tax purposes.
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U/s 9 – Income Deemed to Accrue or Arise in India

Covers specified income which is treated as accruing or arising in India under the Act.
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U/s 11 – Incomes Not Included in Total Income

Covers specified incomes which are not included in total income, subject to the prescribed conditions.
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Salary & House Property

U/s 15 – Salaries

Provides the framework for taxation of income under the head "Salaries".
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U/s 19 – Deductions from Salary

Covers deductions allowed while computing taxable income from salary.
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U/s 20 – Income from House Property

Provides the basic provision for computing income chargeable under the head "Income from House Property".
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U/s 22 – Deductions from Income from House Property

Covers the deductions available while computing taxable income from house property.
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Business & Profession

U/s 26 – Income under the Head "Profits and Gains of Business or Profession"

Covers income chargeable under the head "Profits and Gains of Business or Profession".
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U/s 33 – Deduction for Depreciation

Provides for depreciation deduction in respect of eligible assets used for business or profession.
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U/s 36 – Expenses or Payments Not Deductible in Certain Circumstances

Specifies expenses and payments which are not allowable as deductions in computing business or professional income in specified cases.
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U/s 58 – Presumptive Taxation

Provides presumptive taxation rules for specified businesses and professions through a consolidated provision.
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U/s 62 – Maintenance of Books of Account

Provides requirements relating to maintenance of books of account for specified taxpayers.
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U/s 63 – Tax Audit

Covers cases in which audit of accounts is required and the related tax-audit requirements.
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Capital Gains

U/s 67 – Capital Gains

Provides the basic framework for computation of income chargeable under the head "Capital Gains".
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U/s 72 – Mode of Computation of Capital Gains

Provides the method for determining taxable capital gains arising from transfer of capital assets.
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U/s 77 – Capital Gains in Case of Slump Sale

Provides special rules for computation of capital gains arising from a slump sale.
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U/s 92 – Income from Other Sources

Provides the framework for income chargeable under the head "Income from Other Sources".
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Clubbing, Unexplained Income & Aggregation

U/s 99 – Income of Individual to Include Income of Spouse, Minor Child, etc.

Covers specified cases where income of another person is included in the total income of an individual.
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U/s 102 – Unexplained Credits

Deals with specified unexplained credits which may be treated as income under the Act.
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U/s 103 – Unexplained Investment

Covers specified unexplained investments which may be treated as income.
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Set-off & Carry Forward of Losses

U/s 108 – Set-off of Losses under Same Head of Income

Provides rules for adjustment of eligible losses against income under the same head.
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U/s 109 – Set-off of Losses under Any Other Head

Covers adjustment of eligible losses against income under another head, subject to the prescribed conditions.
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U/s 110 – Carry Forward and Set-off of Loss from House Property

Provides rules for carrying forward and setting off eligible house property losses.
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U/s 112 – Carry Forward and Set-off of Business Loss

Covers the carry forward and subsequent set-off of eligible business losses.
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Deductions, Rebates & Reliefs

U/s 122 – Deductions in Computing Total Income

Provides the general framework for deductions available while computing total income.
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U/s 126 – Deduction for Health Insurance Premia

Covers deduction relating to eligible health insurance premium and specified payments, subject to conditions.
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U/s 129 – Deduction for Interest on Loan Taken for Higher Education

Provides deduction for eligible interest paid on a loan taken for higher education.
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U/s 133 – Deduction for Donations to Certain Funds and Institutions

Covers deductions available for specified donations subject to the conditions prescribed under the Act.
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U/s 155 – Rebate to be Allowed in Computing Income-tax

Provides the applicable rebate mechanism while computing income-tax in specified cases.
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U/s 157 – Relief when Salary is Paid in Arrears or in Advance

Provides relief from the impact of tax arising from salary received in arrears or in advance, subject to prescribed conditions.
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U/s 159 – Double Taxation Relief

Covers relief from double taxation under agreements with foreign countries or specified territories.
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Special Tax Provisions

U/s 202 – New Tax Regime for Individuals, HUF and Others

Provides the framework for taxation under the new tax regime for individuals, Hindu undivided families and specified other persons.
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U/s 206 – Minimum Alternate Tax and Alternate Minimum Tax

Covers special provisions relating to minimum alternate tax and alternate minimum tax.
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U/s 213 – Computation of Total Income of Non-residents

Provides special rules for computation of total income of non-residents in specified cases.
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Search, Seizure, Survey & Information

U/s 247 – Search and Seizure

Provides powers relating to search and seizure in specified cases under the Income-tax Act, 2025.
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U/s 253 – Powers of Survey

Covers the powers and procedure relating to survey proceedings in specified cases.
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PAN, Return & Self-Assessment

U/s 262 – Permanent Account Number

Covers provisions relating to Permanent Account Number and related requirements.
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U/s 263 – Return of Income

Covers filing of original, belated, revised and updated returns of income under the new Act.
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U/s 266 – Self-assessment

Provides for determination and payment of tax payable by the assessee through self-assessment.
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U/s 267 – Tax on Updated Return

Covers the tax payable in connection with an updated return furnished under the Act.
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Assessment & Reassessment

U/s 270 – Assessment

Provides the main framework for assessment of income under the Income-tax Act, 2025.
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U/s 271 – Best Judgment Assessment

Covers assessment made by the Assessing Officer according to the best of his judgment in specified circumstances.
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U/s 273 – Faceless Assessment

Provides the statutory framework for faceless assessment proceedings.
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U/s 279 – Income Escaping Assessment

Covers reassessment provisions relating to income which has escaped assessment.
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U/s 280 – Issue of Notice where Income has Escaped Assessment

Provides for issuance of notice in cases where income is considered to have escaped assessment.
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U/s 287 – Rectification of Mistake

Provides for correction of mistakes apparent from the record in specified orders or proceedings.
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Appeals, Revision & Dispute Resolution

U/s 356 – Appealable Orders before Joint Commissioner (Appeals) and Commissioner (Appeals)

Specifies orders against which an appeal may be filed before the specified appellate authority.
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U/s 361 – Appellate Tribunal

Covers provisions relating to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal and its appellate framework.
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U/s 365 – Appeal to High Court

Provides for appeals to the High Court on questions of law arising from specified orders.
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U/s 377 – Revision of Orders Prejudicial to Revenue

Provides the revisionary power in cases where an order is considered prejudicial to the interests of revenue.
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U/s 389 – Appeal

Provides for appeal against an advance ruling in the circumstances specified under the Act.
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TDS & TCS

U/s 393 – Tax to be Deducted at Source

Provides the consolidated framework for deduction of tax at source on specified payments.
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U/s 394 – Collection of Tax at Source

Covers tax collection at source on specified transactions and payments.
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U/s 398 – Consequences of Failure to Deduct or Pay, or Collect or Pay

Covers consequences arising from failure to deduct, collect or pay tax as required under the Act.
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Advance Tax

U/s 404 – Conditions of Liability to Pay Advance Tax

Provides the conditions under which advance tax becomes payable.
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U/s 408 – Instalments of Advance Tax and Due Dates

Provides the instalments and due dates applicable for payment of advance tax.
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Interest & Fees

U/s 424 – Interest for Defaults in Payment of Advance Tax

Provides for interest arising from default in payment of advance tax.
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U/s 425 – Interest for Deferment of Advance Tax

Covers interest payable for deferment of advance tax instalments.
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U/s 428 – Fee for Default in Furnishing Return of Income

Provides the fee applicable for specified defaults in furnishing the return of income.
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Refunds

U/s 431 – Refunds

Provides the basic framework for refund of excess tax paid or otherwise refundable under the Act.
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U/s 437 – Interest on Refunds

Provides for interest payable on eligible tax refunds in specified circumstances.
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Penalties & Prosecution

U/s 439 – Penalty for Under-reporting and Misreporting of Income

Provides for penalty in cases involving under-reporting or misreporting of income, subject to the conditions of the Act.
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U/s 478 – Wilful Attempt to Evade Tax, etc.

Covers prosecution-related provisions for wilful attempts to evade tax and specified related defaults.
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Information Reporting & Compliance

U/s 508 – Statement of Financial Transaction or Reportable Account

Provides for furnishing specified financial transaction or reportable account information to the income-tax authorities.
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U/s 509 – Information on Transaction of Crypto-asset

Provides the reporting obligation relating to specified transactions in crypto-assets.
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Repeal & Transition

U/s 536 – Repeal and Savings

Provides for repeal of the Income-tax Act, 1961 and important transitional and savings provisions for earlier tax years, proceedings, approvals and related matters.
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Disclaimer: This section-wise index is provided for educational and informational purposes only. For legal or tax decisions, the applicable provisions of the Income-tax Act, 2025, Rules, notifications, circulars and amendments should be referred to.

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